Glossary

Independent participants posting collateral and facilitating source asset custody and redemption.

In FAssets, users do not rely on centralized custodians. Instead, independent overcollateralized agents handle source-chain settlements. With Core Vaults, assets are secured in shared multi-sig custody. If an unauthorized transaction is proven by a Challenger, the agent's collateral is liquidated.

Initial restricted launch mode verifying node stability before decentralized rollout.

Both Songbird (2021) and Flare Mainnet (July 2022) launched in Observation Mode with restricted peering, transitioning to open consensus once stability was proven.

An incentivized, operational blockchain with real value tokens used to test features before mainnet.

Unlike zero-value testnets, canary networks (Songbird for Flare) operate with real economic tokens (SGB) and active users. Novel primitives (FTSO v2, FDC, FAssets, FCC) deploy on Songbird first.

A shared multi-sig vault on source chains preventing single-agent custody risk.

Introduced in FAssets v1.1. Segregates underlying native assets (such as XRP) into on-chain institutional multi-sig vaults, eliminating single-operator exit scams and drastically improving capital efficiency.

Developer testnets mirroring Songbird (Coston) and Flare Mainnet (Coston2).

Named after signal flare pioneer Martha Jane Coston. Developers acquire free test tokens from faucets to test smart contracts before deploying to canary or mainnet.

The native cryptocurrency of the Songbird canary network.

Used for transaction gas, FTSO delegation, and canary governance. Possesses real market value to ensure realistic adversarial conditions.

The operational canary network of Flare Network (Chain ID: 19).

Launched in September 2021. Serves as the real-value testbed where new protocols (FTSO v2, FDC, FAssets, FCC) are rigorously proven before mainnet deployment.

The predecessor name for the Flare Data Connector (FDC).

Early terminology for Flare's enshrined attestation protocol, formalized as the Flare Data Connector (FDC) in FIP.12.

The original name for Flare's native token, officially renamed to FLR in 2022.

Introduced during the 2020 concept phase and used in early technical whitepapers before being rebranded to FLR.

Account abstraction primitives enabling 1-click cross-chain interactions.

Allows users to trigger complex multi-step Flare transactions (minting, depositing to vaults) directly from non-EVM wallets like Xaman without manually managing gas.

The initial token distribution event held on January 9, 2023.

Disbursed the initial 15% (~4.28B FLR) to 2020 snapshot holders, inaugurating open secondary trading and the subsequent 36 months of FlareDrops.

Decentralized, protocol-enshrined price oracle delivering sub-second feeds.

Independent data providers submit price estimates weighted by delegated FLR. FTSO v2 delivers up to 1,000 feeds with 1-2 second block-latency Fast Updates, with on-chain reads free to dApps.

Decentralized consensus protocol cryptographically proving external ledger state and Web2 data.

Successor to the State Connector. Proves deterministic external transactions (such as XRPL payments) and Web2 API payloads via consensus among independent attestation providers.

On-chain governance proposals determining Flare protocol specifications and tokenomics.

Proposals from FIP.01 (FlareDrops) through FIP.16 (3% inflation, 20x gas burns, FIRE) are voted on on-chain using WFLR and staked FLR voting power.

Autonomous protocol entity routing network revenues into open-market FLR buyback and burns.

Established under FIP.16 in 2026. Collects protocol fees from FAssets minting, FDC attestations, and registrations to execute continuous open-market FLR buybacks and permanent burns.

Flare 2.0 architecture combining TEEs, Protocol Managed Wallets, and FDC verification.

Executes verified confidential code inside Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) and verifies signed results on-chain via FDC. Staged on Songbird in 2026.

Decentralized, trustless framework bridging non-smart contract assets onto Flare as ERC-20 tokens.

Combines dual overcollateralization (Agent Vaults + Community Pools), FDC payment attestation, and FTSO pricing to enable tokens like XRP, BTC, and DOGE to participate safely in DeFi without centralized custodians.

The first live FAsset on Flare, backed 1:1 by native XRP on the XRP Ledger.

Launched on mainnet on September 24, 2025. Functions as an ERC-20 token on Flare, deployable across DEXs, lending markets, and yield vaults while remaining redeemable 1:1 for native XRP.

The native Layer 1 token of Flare Network.

Used for gas fees (100% burned), PoS validator staking, FTSO oracle delegation, governance voting, and FAssets collateral pools. Total genesis supply: 100 Billion.

The 36-month public distribution program completed in January 2026.

Adopted under FIP.01, distributing ~24.25B FLR across 36 monthly tranches to all Wrapped FLR (WFLR) holders, successfully concluding on January 30, 2026.

ERC-20 wrapped version of native FLR used for DeFi and delegation.

Wrapped 1:1 with native FLR. Wrapping was the prerequisite for claiming monthly FlareDrops, and continues to be used for FTSO delegation, governance voting, and liquidity pools.

The decentralized financial ecosystem built around FXRP and XRP liquidity on Flare.

Encompasses DEX liquidity (SparkDEX, BlazeSwap), modular lending (Kinetic, Morpho), liquid staking (Firelight), yield vaults (Upshift), and CDPs (Enosys) utilizing bridged FXRP.

The standard execution environment for Ethereum smart contracts.

Flare is EVM-compatible, allowing developers to deploy Solidity contracts and use existing Web3 tooling (MetaMask, Hardhat, Foundry, ethers.js, viem) seamlessly.

Leader-based Proof of Stake consensus protocol originating from Avalanche.

Powers Flare's consensus engine, providing high throughput, single-slot finality, and deterministic block times of ~1.8 seconds.

Ecosystem incentive reward tokens distributed to liquidity providers and dApp users.

Used in the FAssets Incentive Program to stimulate early TVL across DEXs and lending protocols, convertable to FLR under protocol rules.

Depositing FLR to P-Chain validators to secure network consensus and earn yield.

The core L1 consensus participation mechanism on Flare. Requires a minimum of 50,000 FLR and a 14-day minimum lockup. FIP.16 allocated 5x inflation weight to staking relative to C-Chain delegation.

The ~3.5-day cycle (~104 times per year) during which FTSO delegation rewards accrue.

A random Vote Power Block is chosen from the latter 50% window of each epoch, locking snapshot balances for delegation power.

Automated protocol mechanism restoring solvency when an agent's collateral falls below safety thresholds.

When market volatility causes an agent's collateral ratio to breach minimum boundaries, liquidators burn FAssets to claim collateral at a discount, protecting system backing.

Watchdogs who detect and submit proof of unauthorized agent transactions to trigger liquidation.

Monitors source chains (such as XRPL) for illegal asset outflows from agent addresses. Upon submitting cryptographic proof to Flare, the offending agent is fully liquidated with penalties.

Omnichain interoperability protocol connecting Flare to numerous external blockchains.

Operates as a general cross-chain messaging layer distinct from FAssets, supporting arbitrary data transmission and cross-chain liquidity.