Technology
Flare's uniqueness lies in enshrining decentralized prices (FTSO) and external data verification (FDC) directly into Layer 1 economic security, continuously upgraded via technical FIPs.
Stack
From consensus at the base, enshrined data in the middle, to application layers on top.
01
EVM-compatible Layer 1 running Snowman++ Proof of Stake with single-slot finality and ~1.8s blocks. Transitioned to PoS via FIP.05; supports standard Ethereum development tooling.
02
FTSO provides sub-second price feeds (FIP.06/07); FDC validates deterministic state across other chains and Web2 APIs (FIP.12/14). Both secured by data providers and delegated FLR.
03
FAssets, Smart Accounts, DeFi, and future FCC (Confidential Compute), all powered by Layer 02 attestation proofs and feeds.
FTSO
Decentralized, protocol-enshrined price feeds rather than third-party oracles.
Independent data providers submit price estimates weighted by delegated FLR. Feeds update at sub-second block intervals, covering crypto, commodities, and equities. On-chain queries to block-latency feeds are free to dApps per protocol specifications.
In FAssets, agent collateral values and liquidation triggers are directly pegged to FTSO prices. Rather than a mere developer convenience API, FTSO serves as a core system security primitive.
Queried live from Flare public RPC via eth_call (completely free, zero gas)
The FTSO (Flare Time Series Oracle) is an enshrined oracle built directly into Layer 1 consensus. Instead of paying continuous oracle gas fees to third-party providers, all Flare smart contracts query decentralized pricing feeds natively with zero additional network overhead.
Continuous real-time feeds gathered across global spot and derivative markets.
Binance, Coinbase, Uniswap, etc.
USD, EUR, JPY, GBP, etc.
Gold, Silver, LST ratios (FIP.13)
Independent operators weighted by community-delegated WFLR voting power.
Prices weighted by delegated WFLR share
Zero look-ahead front-running resistance
Penalties and slashing for degraded feeds
Computed on-chain by protocol; accessible to all EVM contracts instantly.
Outliers automatically stripped from feed
Instant collateral evaluation & liquidations
Sub-second real-time streaming via FIP.07
FEATURE 1
Even if deep-pocketed cartels spoof prices, the stake-weighted median mathematically strips upper and lower outliers.
FEATURE 2
Fast Updates stream block-synchronized ticks to eliminate liquidation lags and bad debt in high-volatility events.
FEATURE 3
FLR holders delegate voting weight non-custodially to top providers, securing the network while claiming inflationary rewards.
Through community-approved FIPs, FTSO scaled from a 90-second price feed into FTSO v2, delivering up to 1,000 feeds with 1-2 second block-level Fast Updates and custom feed support.
Flare Systems Protocol & Scaling
Introduced FSP epoch framework, laying the foundation for FTSO v2 scaling to 1,000 feeds.
FTSO Fast Updates
Enabled ultra-low latency price feeds matching 1-2s block times, allocating 30% of rewards.
Secondary Reward Band
Expanded reward access beyond the median quartile to improve decentralization and fault tolerance.
Provider Minimum Requirements
Mandated minimum uptime and quality across all protocols with epoch slashing penalties.
Custom Feeds Support
Enabled smart-contract computed feeds for liquid staking tokens (LSTs) and custom ratios.
Feed Delisting Process
Standardized graceful delisting steps to remove low-liquidity pairs and reduce attack surfaces.
FDC
Formerly State Connector. Cryptographically proves external state and transaction finality.
FDC proves deterministic, immutable facts: 'Was this transaction finalized?' or 'Does this address exist?' Dynamic prices belong to FTSO. FAssets minting requires FDC to verify native XRPL deposits before releasing ERC-20 FXRP on Flare.
The attestation provider set overlaps with FTSO providers. A scenario where the majority misreports reality corresponds to a 51% attack threshold in protocol documentation.
The FDC (Flare Data Connector), evolved from the State Connector, is a decentralized attestation infrastructure providing cryptographic proofs of external blockchain events and Web2 API payloads. It eliminates multi-sig bridging risks through native economic consensus.
External ledgers and Web2 APIs lacking native smart contract capabilities.
Payment settlement, balance deductions
Smart contract event receipts
Weather, FX, sports & arbitrary JSON (FIP.14)
L1-native consensus protocol executed by Flare's validator set.
Independent full-node verification
Bit-Voting & Consensus
Epoch proofs compressed every ~90s
Smart contracts verify proofs on-chain in single transactions with low gas.
Proves '100 XRP was locked on XRPL' to mint equivalent FXRP
Triggers on-chain state transitions based on external payments
Certifies external Web2 API data directly for smart contract consumption
Unlike FTSO which handles fluctuating market prices, FDC proves immutable, finalized ledger events.
Replaces vulnerable 5-of-9 multisig custodians with Flare's full validator economic consensus.
Proves not just blockchain transactions, but any deterministic JSON API response from the Web2 world.
From initial State Connector integration to verified Web2 API attestation, FDC capabilities expanded through FIPs.
FAssets
A trustless, decentralized cross-chain bridge anchored on FTSO (pricing) and FDC (payment verification).
Enables native assets without smart contract functionality (XRP, BTC, DOGE) to be safely minted and redeemed as ERC-20 tokens (FXRP, etc.) on Flare without centralized custodians.
Dual collateral (Agent Vault + Community Pool) protects users from defaults and unauthorized transactions. FDC verifies source-chain settlement while FTSO evaluates collateral values in real-time.
The primary purpose of FAssets is to bridge native, non-smart contract assets (real XRP on XRPL) without centralized custodians into 1:1 backed ERC-20 tokens (FXRP on Flare) for trustless DeFi participation.
High-speed, low-fee settlement ledger without a native EVM smart contract execution layer.
Native XRP (Underlying)
Holding native XRP on XRPL
Core Vault / Agent Vault
Secured via multi-sig custody. Resistant to single-operator exit scams.
FDC (Flare Data Connector)
Decentralized consensus proving XRPL payments
FTSO (Price Oracle)
Sub-second decentralized price feeds monitoring collateral
EVM Layer 1 with enshrined oracles and attestation. Execute smart contracts and DeFi seamlessly.
FXRP (ERC-20)
Used across DEXs, lending markets, and vaults
Agent Vault Collateral (USDC/ETH) + FLR Pool
If an agent breaches protocol rules, collateral is slashed to fully compensate users
POINT 1
Unlike centralized wrapped tokens where a single custodian controls private keys, FAssets is governed by FDC cryptographic proofs and smart contracts.
POINT 2
Combines agent vault collateral with community FLR pools. If an agent defaults, full user value is restored from slashed collateral.
POINT 3
Burn FXRP on Flare at any time to trigger an automatic payout of native XRP to your designated XRPL address.
Flare 2.0
Combining hardware-enforced TEE enclaves with FDC attestation proofs, enabling smart contracts to autonomously govern cross-chain accounts.
Flare 2.0 (FCC & Protocol Managed Wallets) bridges hardware-isolated TEE enclaves with Flare's native FDC (Flare Data Connector). Smart contracts autonomously govern cross-chain keys without human multisig intermediaries.
EVM-executed decentralized business logic coordinating lending liquidations and AI actions.
Passes execution conditions to TEE
Hardware-isolated CPU memory holding private keys; signs transactions autonomously.
Self-sovereign keys on XRPL, BTC & ETH
Processes encrypted inputs privately
Transactions settle on target chains; execution facts are certified back to Flare via FDC.
Direct native ledger settlement
On-chain verification of state completion
Technical FIPs
Flare's core architecture has been iteratively engineered and secured through 14 technical FIPs approved by community voting.
Established a self-regulatory committee to monitor cartel collusion and data replication among providers, and manage price update parameters.
Expanded reward eligibility beyond the interquartile range (~25% closest to median) to a broader secondary band, enhancing provider decentralization.
Updated and optimized the protocol-native crypto price pairs broadcast by FTSO based on ecosystem demand.
Transitioned network to true Proof of Stake (PoS), allocating 30% of rewards to validator staking and capping single-entity nodes at 4 to prevent centralization.
Introduced the unified Flare Systems Protocol (FSP) and extended FTSO to a next-generation scaling architecture supporting up to 1,000 feeds.
Activated sub-second 'Fast Updates' synchronized with block generation (1-2s) alongside 90-second anchor feeds, allocating 30% of FTSO rewards to Fast Updates.
Leveraged FTSO Scaling capacity to add 19 new cryptocurrency feeds and established a standardized addition process.
Introduced minimum performance requirements across FTSO Scaling, Fast Updates, and FDC, tying reward eligibility to full-stack participation.
Calibrated protocol reward calculations to ensure economic sustainability and balanced distributions for honest providers.
Fully integrated the Flare Data Connector (FDC) as the successor to the State Connector on mainnet, funding attestation rewards from protocol inflation.
Enabled smart contract-computed 'Custom Feeds' (LSTs, LRTs) through standard FTSO interfaces.
Introduced attestation types verifying external Web2 API data and HTTPS responses, standardizing Web2 source governance.
Established objective standards to watchlist and safely delist low-liquidity or compromised FTSO feeds.
Reduced inflation cap to target 3%, increased EIP-1559 base gas fees by 20x to accelerate burns, and created FIRE for revenue-funded buyback and burns.
Networks
Disposable testnets, incentivized canary networks, and production mainnet. Distinguishing their roles prevents metric misinterpretation.
Production Mainnet
Chain ID 14 · FLR · July 14, 2022
Canary Network
Chain ID 19 · SGB · September 2021
Flare Testnet
Chain ID 114 · C2FLR (Testnet) · Testing environment mirroring Mainnet
Songbird Testnet
Chain ID 16 · CFLR (Testnet) · Named in honor of Martha Coston